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Exosome Production
Exosomes are naturally occurring extracellular vesicles secreted by cells with the primary function of carrying molecular payloads such as proteins or genetic material between cells. In doing so, exosomes have the ability to modulate cell communication, immune regulatory processes, tumor metabolism, and regenerative/degenerative processes. They have recently become of great interest for their use as therapeutic and diagnostic tools. Research into exosomes in the preclinical cell and gene therapy (CGT) space is growing rapidly, creating an ever-greater need for large-scale production to meet the demands of exosome research and development projects. The use of stirred-tank bioreactors represents one of the best approaches to ensuring optimal production conditions and enabling tight monitoring and control of the bioprocess in a highly scalable setup. The use of centrifuges is considered the gold standard for the purification of exosomes from the culture medium.
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How are exosomes utilized in the cell and gene therapy field?
Gene therapy vectors
Since exosomes are natural molecule transporters, they are well suited to carrying nucleic acids. With a robust membrane to prevent degradation, good stability, low immunogenicity, plus the rapid nature by which they are taken up by target cells, exosomes bring value to the CGT field with unique advantages as gene therapy vectors. One of the stand-out benefits of exosomes as advanced therapy vectors is their wide tropism. This describes their ability to infiltrate a large variety of cell and tissue types thanks to their ability to cross biological barriers such as the blood brain barrier and cytoplasmic membranes. This makes exosome vectors an attractive option for the treatment of diseases where pathology occurs in difficult-to-access tissues, like the central nervous system. Traditional therapeutics are often unable to access such areas, but the broad tropism of exosomes enables researchers to transport specialized therapies, where needed, to provide novel treatment options. The majority of exosome-based gene therapy applications aim to treat cancers or neurological diseases.
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Regenerative medicine
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is a popular technique used in regenerative medicine, in which MSCs engraft into injured tissue and promote regeneration. Due to the low MSC survival in the host tissue during MSC cell therapy though, recent evidence indicates that the MSC’s secretome (the total set of proteins known to be released MSCs) could be central to their benefits in tissue regeneration. Exosomes make up a large part of the MSC secretome, and their ability to deliver proteins and genetic material while mediating the immune response makes exosomes a promising cell-free therapy for regenerative medicine. MSC-derived exosomes have demonstrated promise in a versatile range of regeneration therapies from bone and cartilage to neuronal regeneration, and research into exosomes for cell free regenerative therapy looks set to continue to grow in popularity.
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Exosomes have several advantages over cells as a tool for regenerative medicine. To name a few:
- Non-immunogenic: Exosomes are less likely to be recognized as foreign by the recipient's immune system compared to cells, which can trigger an immune response and lead to rejection. This makes exosomes a safer and more viable option for allogeneic transplantation.
- Stable and easy to store: Exosomes are small and stable, which makes them easier to store and transport compared to cells, which require specific storage conditions and may have a limited shelf life.
- Targeted delivery: Exosomes can be engineered to target specific tissues or cells, which makes them a more precise tool for delivering therapeutic payloads compared to cells, which may not be able to target specific tissues or may migrate away from the site of injury.
- Cost-effective: Producing exosomes is often less expensive than producing cells, which makes exosomes a more cost-effective option for large-scale clinical use.
- Lower risk of tumorigenesis: Exosomes do not have the potential to form tumors, which is a risk associated with cell-based therapies.Due to this another potential advantage of exosomes from a regulatory point of view is that they may be subject to less stringent regulations compared to cells or tissues, as they are considered to be a subset of cells and not a distinct product. However, this may vary depending on the intended use ofthe exosomes and the regulatory requirements in different countries.
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Strategies for exosome production
Now gaining traction, the use of exosomes for cell and gene therapy applications is increasingly reliant upon the production of high amounts of high-quality exosomes. As with every cell culture process, the exosome production workflow presents numerous opportunities to introduce variability, and this can lead to poor yield and batch inconsistencies. In comparison with conventional 2D culture platforms, bioreactors offer numerous advantages to control the cells’ growth environment and increase the working volume. Like this they are valuable tools to produce exosomes in a scalable and reproducible manner.
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Exosome-producing stem cells
One of the most popular approaches involves culturing exosome-producing MSCs. Since stem cells are adherent, they require a surface to adhere to. Microcarrier-based cell culture systems are therefore often used to facilitatetheir growth in stirred-tank bioreactors.
Discover our products for exosome production
Discover our bioreactor control systems and centrifuges for exosome process development, scale-up of exosome production, and exosome purification.
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Bioprocess development and small-scale production
Exosome production at small-scale is an important first step for researchers seeking to optimize their process prior to scale-up. Bioreactors’ process monitoring and control capabilities can standardize culture conditions in the upstream process, and ensure that the exosome-producing MSCs are maintained at optimum conditions. In turn, this reproducible production workflow makes for a high quality, high yield exosome production.
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DASbox® Mini Bioreactor System
- Working volume range: 60 mL to 250 mL
- Parallel processing of up to 24 bioreactors
- Perfect tool to support the process development, through identifying the most appropriate cell culture parameters required for exosome production before scaling-up.
Want to discover how the DASbox® Mini Bioreactor System can be harnessed for small scale exosome production? Check out our application note!
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Scaling up exosome production
To scale-up exosome production from the benchtop to production scale, larger-scale bioreactor systems that can support a large number of cells is central to success. One such solution that can support this is the SciVario® twin bioreactor control system from Eppendorf.
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SciVario® twin bioreactor control system
- Working volume range: 1.25 L to 40 L
- Can control two bioreactors independently
- Has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool in the medium to large scale production of exosomes
In a recent study, researchers found the SciVario® twin to produce favorable conditions for cellular growth, viability and metabolic activity, as well as the quality and yield of exosomes produced. Find out more in our application note!
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Purification of exosomes by centrifugation
After production, the exosomes are purified from other components in the culture medium. Centrifugation is a versatile method and nowadays the gold standard in the field.
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High-Speed Centrifuge CR22N - For clearance of culture medium
- High-speeds of up to 58,700 x g are ideal for clearance of cells, cell debris, and microvesicles from cell media, as the first step in exosome purification
- Rotor R15A can in a single run accommodate up to 650 mL of cell media in 15 mL and 50 mL high-speed conical tubes, speeding up processing to less than1 hour. Larger volumes up to 1.5 L per sample are available
- The device offers user management and documentation function to support users with GxP compliance
Ultracentrifuge CP100NX - For pelleting exosomes
- Swing-bucket rotor P32ST allows pelleting exosomes in 6 x 40 mL tubes in only 90 min
- Even higher speeds up to 803,000 x g with rotor P100AT2 and capacities of up to 1,380 mL with rotor P21A2 can be reached
- The device offers user management and documentation function to support users with GxP compliance
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Select the right bioprocess equipment
Are you interested in cultivating exosome-producing cells? Please contact us to discuss the needs of your individual application.
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Select the right centrifuge
Would you like to know more about our centrifuge solutions for the purification of exosomes? Contact us for more information.
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